Nginx Common Configurations

Reverse Proxy

HTTP

http {
    ...
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name myserver.com;
        # The default root is /usr/share/nginx/www, /usr/share/nginx/html or /var/www/html
        root /var/www/your_domain/html;

        # Staic files
        location / {
            # redefine the root
            root   /var/www/your_domain/html;
            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
        }

        # API
        location  /api/ {
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
            proxy_pass http://localhost:8080/;
        }

        # Cache js, css, image, etc.
    }
    ...
}

• Response static files: {root path}/requestURI
• Proxy requests: {proxy_pass path}/requestURI

Passing Request Headers

By default, NGINX redefines two header fields in proxied requests, “Host” and “Connection”, and eliminates the header fields whose values are empty strings. “Host” is set to the $proxy_host variable, and “Connection” is set to close.

HTTPS

http {
    # reuse SSL session parameters to avoid SSL handshakes for parallel and subsequent connections.
    # or "ssl_session_cache builtin:1000 shared:SSL:10m;"
    ssl_session_cache   shared:SSL:10m;
    ssl_session_timeout 10m;
    
    server {
        listen 443 ssl;
        server_name myproject.com;
        
        ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/projectName/projectName.com.pem;
        ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/projectName/projectName.com.key;
        
        # Additional SSL configuration (if required)
        # enabling keepalive connections to send several requests via one connection and the second is to reuse SSL session parameters to avoid SSL handshakes for parallel and subsequent connections.
        keepalive_timeout   70;
        ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
        ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!CAMELLIA:!DES:!MD5:!PSK:!RC4;
        ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

        # same with HTTP
        location / {
            ...
        }
    }
    ...
}

HTTP to HTTPS

http {
    ...
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name myserver.com;
        return 301 https://myserver.com$request_uri;
    }
    ...
}

HTTP2

The ngx_http_v2_module module (1.9.5) provides support for HTTP/2. This module is not built by default, it should be enabled with the --with-http_v2_module configuration parameter.

http {
    server {
        # enable http2
        listen 443 ssl http2;
        
        ssl_certificate server.crt;
        ssl_certificate_key server.key;
    }
}

Settings

Timeout

http {
    ...
    proxy_connect_timeout 180s;
    proxy_send_timeout 180s;
    proxy_read_timeout 180s;
    ...
}

Upload File Size

http {
    ...
    client_max_body_size 100M;
    ...
}

Cache

http {
    server {
        ...
        location /static {
            root   /var/www/your_domain/staic;
            # To disable access log off for not hitting the I/O limit
            access_log off;
            # or "expires max";
            expires 7d;
            add_header Cache-Control "public, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate";
        }
        ...
    }
}

http {
    server {
        ...
        location ~* \.(js|css|png|jpg|jpeg|gif|svg|ico)$ {
            root   /var/www/your_domain/staic;
            # To disable access log off for not hitting the I/O limit
            access_log off;
            # or "expires max";
            expires 7d;
            add_header Cache-Control "public, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate";
        }
        ...
    }
}

After setting cache, the following header in response headers:

Cache-Control: max-age=604800, public, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate

Load Balancing

http {
    ...
    upstream backend-server {
        server xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:8080 max_fails=1 fail_timeout=300s;
        server xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:8080 max_fails=1 fail_timeout=300s;
        ...
    }

    server {
        ...
        location /api/ {
            proxy_set_header    X-Real-IP        $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header    X-Forwarded-For  $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
            proxy_pass http://backend-server/;
        }
    }
}

Test the Nginx Configuration is Updated

Adding the following config to the Nginx configuration file. You can verify if the configuration is updated by updating the return status code (e.g. 403 Forbidden, 406 Not Acceptable, 423 Locked) of the /test location and visiting the test URL http://yourDomain/testConfig.

location /testConfig {
    # 403 Forbidden, 406 Not Acceptable, 423 Locked
    return 403;
}

Appendixes

Embedded Variables

• $proxy_host: name and port of a proxied server as specified in the proxy_pass directive;
• $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for: the “X-Forwarded-For” client request header field with the $remote_addr variable appended to it, separated by a comma. If the “X-Forwarded-For” field is not present in the client request header, the $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for variable is equal to the $remote_addr variable.
• $host: In this order of precedence: host name from the request line, or host name from the “Host” request header field, or the server name matching a request.
• $remote_addr: Client address

Build Nginx From Source

# Download Nginx source code
wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-{latest-stable-version}.tar.gz

You can know the latest version of Nginx by visiting the Nginx download page.

tar -zxvf nginx-{latest-stable-version}.tar.gz

cd nginx-{latest-stable-version}

# Configuring Nginx
./configure \
--with-pcre \
--with-http_ssl_module \
--with-http_image_filter_module=dynamic \
--modules-path=/etc/nginx/modules \
--with-http_v2_module \
--with-stream=dynamic \
--with-http_addition_module \
--with-http_mp4_module

Common errors when running ./configure

1. ./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.

Solution

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
apt-get install libpcre3 libpcre3-dev

Successful Output

Configuration summary
  + using system PCRE2 library
  + using system OpenSSL library
  + using system zlib library

  nginx path prefix: "/usr/local/nginx"
  nginx binary file: "/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx"
  nginx modules path: "/etc/nginx/modules"
  nginx configuration prefix: "/usr/local/nginx/conf"
  nginx configuration file: "/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf"
  nginx pid file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"
  nginx error log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log"
  nginx http access log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log"
  nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
  nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp"
  nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp"
  nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp"
  nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"

You can add the following parameters to specify paths:

--prefix=/var/www/html \
--sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx \
--modules-path=/etc/nginx/modules \
--conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf \
--pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid \
--error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log \
--http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log \
--lock-path=/var/lock/nginx.lock \

# Build nginx
$ make
$ sudo make install
# Start nginx
$ cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin
$ nginx -V
$ ./nginx
# Verify
$ curl http://localhost

References

[1] Configuring HTTPS servers - Nginx

[2] Alphabetical index of variables - Nginx

[3] Serving Static Content - Nginx

[4] NGINX Reverse Proxy - Nginx